Ut Do You Know What €ëœtamagotchi㢂¬„¢ Is a Portmanteau of in Japanese?
| Japanese | |
|---|---|
 Japanese novel using kanji kana majiri bun (text with both kanji and kana), the most general orthography for modern Japanese. Ruby characters (or furigana) are also used for kanji words (in mod publications these would more often than not be omitted for well-known kanji). The text is in the traditional tategaki ("vertical writing") style; information technology is read downwardly the columns and from right to left, like traditional Chinese. Published in 1908. | |
| Script type | mixed logographic (kanji), syllabic (hiragana and katakana) |
| Time catamenia | 4th century AD to nowadays |
| Management | When written vertically, Japanese text is written from summit to bottom, with multiple columns of text progressing from correct to left. When written horizontally, text is almost always written left to right, with multiple rows progressing downward, as in standard English text. In the early on to mid-1900s, there were infrequent cases of horizontal text being written right to left, but that style is very rarely seen in modern Japanese writing.[ citation needed ] |
| Languages | Japanese language Ryukyuan languages |
| Related scripts | |
| Parent systems | (See kanji and kana)
|
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Jpan, 413  , Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana) |
| Unicode | |
| Unicode range | U+4E00–U+9FBF Kanji U+3040–U+309F Hiragana U+30A0–U+30FF Katakana |
The modern Japanese writing system uses a combination of logographic kanji, which are adopted Chinese characters, and syllabic kana. Kana itself consists of a pair of syllabaries: hiragana, used primarily for native or naturalised Japanese words and grammatical elements; and katakana, used primarily for foreign words and names, loanwords, onomatopoeia, scientific names, and sometimes for emphasis. Nearly all written Japanese sentences contain a mixture of kanji and kana. Because of this mixture of scripts, in improver to a large inventory of kanji characters, the Japanese writing organization is considered to exist one of the nigh complicated in electric current employ.[one] [2]
Several thou kanji characters are in regular use, which by and large originate from traditional Chinese characters. Others made in Japan are referred to every bit "Japanese kanji" ( 和製漢字 , wasei kanji ; also known as "country's kanji" 国字 , kokuji ). Each character has an intrinsic meaning (or range of meanings), and most accept more 1 pronunciation, the choice of which depends on context. Japanese primary and secondary school students are required to learn 2,136 jōyō kanji every bit of 2010.[three] The total number of kanji is well over 50,000, though few if any native speakers know anywhere near this number.[4]
In mod Japanese, the hiragana and katakana syllabaries each incorporate 46 bones characters, or 71 including diacritics. With i or ii minor exceptions, each dissimilar sound in the Japanese language (that is, each different syllable, strictly each mora) corresponds to one character in each syllabary. Unlike kanji, these characters intrinsically correspond sounds merely; they convey pregnant only as role of words. Hiragana and katakana characters besides originally derive from Chinese characters, merely they have been simplified and modified to such an extent that their origins are no longer visually obvious.
Texts without kanji are rare; most are either children'south books—since children tend to know few kanji at an early on age—or early electronics such as computers, phones, and video games, which could non display complex graphemes like kanji due to both graphical and computational limitations.[v]
To a lesser extent, modern written Japanese also uses initialisms from the Latin alphabet, for case in terms such equally "BC/AD", "a.m./p.thousand.", "FBI", and "CD". Romanized Japanese is virtually frequently used by foreign students of Japanese who have not nevertheless mastered kana, and by native speakers for computer input.
Apply of scripts [edit]
Kanji [edit]
Kanji ( 漢字 ) are used to write nigh content words of native Japanese or (historically) Chinese origin, which include the following:
- Most nouns, such as 川 (kawa, "river") and 学校 (gakkō, "schoolhouse")
- The stems of most verbs and adjectives, such as 見 in 見る (miru, "see") and 白 in 白い (shiroi, "white")
- The stems of many adverbs, such as 速 in 速く (haya-ku, "apace") and 上手 every bit in 上手に (jozu-ni, "masterfully")
- Near Japanese personal names and place names, such as 田中 (Tanaka) and 東京 (Tokyo). (Certain names may be written in Hiragana or Katakana, or some combination of these, plus Kanji.)
Some Japanese words are written with different kanji depending on the specific usage of the give-and-take—for instance, the word na-osu (to set, or to cure) is written 治す when it refers to curing a person, and 直す when it refers to fixing an object.
Near kanji accept more than one possible pronunciation (or "reading"), and some common kanji accept many. These are broadly divided into on'yomi, which are readings that approximate to a Chinese pronunciation of the graphic symbol at the fourth dimension it was adopted into Japanese, and kun'yomi, which are pronunciations of native Japanese words that correspond to the pregnant of the kanji character. However, some kanji terms have pronunciations that correspond to neither the on'yomi nor the kun'yomi readings of the private kanji within the term, such as 明日 (ashita, "tomorrow") and 大人 (otona, "adult").
Unusual or nonstandard kanji readings may exist glossed using furigana. Kanji compounds are sometimes given capricious readings for stylistic purposes. For case, in Natsume Sōseki'southward short story The Fifth Night, the writer uses 接続って for tsunagatte, the gerundive -te class of the verb tsunagaru ("to connect"), which would usually be written equally 繋がって or つながって . The word 接続 , meaning "connection", is normally pronounced setsuzoku.
Hiragana [edit]
Hiragana ( 平仮名 ) are used to write the following:
- okurigana ( 送り仮名 )—inflectional endings for adjectives and verbs—such as る in 見る (miru, "see") and い in 白い (shiroi, "white"), and respectively た and かった in their past tense inflections 見た (mita, "saw") and 白かった (shirokatta, "was white").
- various function words, including most grammatical particles, or postpositions (joshi ( 助詞 ))—small-scale, ordinarily common words that, for example, mark sentence topics, subjects and objects or have a purpose like to English prepositions such as "in", "to", "from", "by" and "for".
- miscellaneous other words of various grammatical types that lack a kanji rendition, or whose kanji is obscure, difficult to typeset, or considered too difficult to understand for the context (such every bit in children's books).
- Furigana ( 振り仮名 )—phonetic renderings of kanji placed above or abreast the kanji character. Furigana may aid children or non-native speakers or clarify nonstandard, rare, or ambiguous readings, especially for words that use kanji non part of the jōyō kanji list.
In that location is also some flexibility for words with common kanji renditions to be instead written in hiragana, depending on the private author's preference (all Japanese words tin can exist spelled out entirely in hiragana or katakana, even when they are commonly written using kanji). Some words are colloquially written in hiragana and writing them in kanji might give them a more formal tone, while hiragana may impart a softer or more than emotional feeling.[6] For example, the Japanese word kawaii, the Japanese equivalent of "beautiful", can exist written entirely in hiragana as in かわいい , or equally the kanji term 可愛い .
Some lexical items that are normally written using kanji accept become grammaticalized in certain contexts, where they are instead written in hiragana. For instance, the root of the verb 見る (miru, "see") is normally written with the kanji 見 . However, when used as a suffix meaning "try out", the whole verb is typically written in hiragana as みる , equally in 食べてみる (tabetemiru, "attempt eating [it] and see").
Katakana [edit]
Katakana ( 片仮名 ) are used to write the post-obit:
- transliteration of foreign words and names, such as コンピュータ (konpyūta, "computer") and ロンドン (Rondon, "London"). However, some foreign borrowings that take become naturalized may be rendered in Hiragana, such equally たばこ (tabako, "tobacco"), which comes from Portuguese. See too Transcription into Japanese.
- normally used names of animals and plants, such equally トカゲ (tokage, "cadger"), ネコ (neko, "cat") and バラ (bara, "rose"), and certain other technical and scientific terms, such as mineral names
- occasionally, the names of miscellaneous other objects whose kanji are rare, such as ローソク (rōsoku, "candle")
- onomatopoeia, such as ワンワン (wan-wan, "woof-woof"), and other sound symbolism
- emphasis, much like italicisation in European languages.
Katakana tin likewise be used to impart the idea that words are spoken in a strange or otherwise unusual accent; for case, the voice communication of a robot.
Romaji [edit]
The Latin alphabet is used to write the following:
- Latin-alphabet acronyms and initialisms, such as NATO or UFO
- Japanese personal names, corporate brands, and other words intended for international use (for case, on business cards, in passports, etc.)
- strange names, words, and phrases, often in scholarly contexts
- foreign words deliberately rendered to impart a foreign flavour, for instance, in commercial contexts
- other Japanized words derived or originated from foreign languages, such as Jリーグ (jei rīgu, "J. League"), Tシャツ (tī shatsu, "T-shirt") or B級グルメ (bī-kyū gurume, "B-rank gourmet [cheap and local cuisines]")
Arabic numerals [edit]
Standard arabic numerals (as opposed to traditional kanji numerals) are commonly used to write numbers in horizontal text. See too Japanese numerals.
Hentaigana [edit]
Hentaigana ( 変体仮名 ), a set of archaic kana made obsolete past the Meiji reformation, are sometimes used to impart an archaic season, such as in items of foods (esp. soba).
Boosted mechanisms [edit]
Jukujikun refers to instances in which words are written using kanji that reflect the meaning of the give-and-take though the pronunciation of the give-and-take is entirely unrelated to the usual pronunciations of the constituent kanji. Conversely, ateji refers to the employment of kanji that appear solely to represent the sound of the chemical compound discussion merely are, conceptually, utterly unrelated to the signification of the discussion.
Examples [edit]
Here is an example of a sentence that uses all 3 Japanese scripts (kanji (red), hiragana (blueish), katakana (light-green)), besides equally the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals (black):
Tシャツ を 3 枚購入 しました。
The aforementioned headline, transliterated to the Latin alphabet (romaji):
Tīshatsu o san-mai kōnyū shimashita.
The same headline, translated to English:
I bought three T-shirts.
Below are further examples of words written in Japanese, all of which are feasible ways of writing the sample words.
| Kanji | Hiragana | Katakana | Rōmaji | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 私 | わたし | ワタシ | watashi | I, me |
| 金魚 | きんぎょ | キンギョ | kingyo | goldfish |
| 煙草 or 莨 | たばこ | タバコ | tabako | tobacco, cigarette |
| 東京 | とうきょう | トーキョー | tōkyō | Tokyo, literally meaning "eastern upper-case letter" |
Although rare, at that place are some words that use all three scripts in the same word. An example of this is the term くノ一 (Rōmaji: kunoichi), which uses a hiragana, a katakana, and a kanji graphic symbol, in that society. It is said that if all iii characters are put in the aforementioned kanji "square", they all combine to create the kanji 女 (adult female/female). Another example is 消しゴム (Rōmaji: keshigomu) which ways "eraser", and uses a kanji, a hiragana, and two katakana characters, in that lodge.
Statistics [edit]
A statistical assay of a corpus of the Japanese paper Asahi Shimbun from the yr 1993 (around 56.6 million tokens) revealed:[7]
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Collation [edit]
Collation (word ordering) in Japanese is based on the kana, which limited the pronunciation of the words, rather than the kanji. The kana may be ordered using 2 common orderings, the prevalent gojūon (l-audio) ordering, or the old-fashioned iroha ordering. Kanji dictionaries are usually collated using the radical arrangement, though other systems, such as SKIP, also exist.
Direction of writing [edit]
Traditionally, Japanese is written in a format called tategaki ( 縦書き ), which was inherited from traditional Chinese practice. In this format, the characters are written in columns going from top to lesser, with columns ordered from right to left. Later reaching the lesser of each column, the reader continues at the elevation of the column to the left of the current i.
Modern Japanese as well uses some other writing format, chosen yokogaki ( 横書き ). This writing format is horizontal and reads from left to right, as in English.
A book printed in tategaki opens with the spine of the book to the right, while a book printed in yokogaki opens with the spine to the left.
Spacing and punctuation [edit]
Japanese is normally written without spaces between words, and text is immune to wrap from one line to the side by side without regard for give-and-take boundaries. This convention was originally modelled on Chinese writing, where spacing is superfluous because each character is essentially a give-and-take in itself (albeit compounds are mutual). However, in kana and mixed kana/kanji text, readers of Japanese must work out where word divisions lie based on an understanding of what makes sense. For example, あなたはお母さんにそっくりね。 must be mentally divided as あなた は お母さん に そっくり ね。 (Anata wa okaasan ni sokkuri ne, "You're just like your mother"). In romaji, it may sometimes be ambiguous whether an item should be transliterated equally two words or 1. For example, 愛する , "to dearest", composed of 愛 (ai, "love") and する (suru, "to do", hither a verb-forming suffix), is variously transliterated as aisuru or ai suru .
Words in potentially unfamiliar foreign compounds, normally transliterated in katakana, may be separated by a punctuation mark called a nakaguro ( 中黒 , "middle dot") to aid Japanese readers. For case, ビル・ゲイツ (Nib Gates). This punctuation is also occasionally used to split native Japanese words, specially in concatenations of kanji characters where there might otherwise be confusion or ambiguity nearly interpretation, and especially for the full names of people.
The Japanese full cease (。) and comma (、) are used for similar purposes to their English equivalents, though comma usage tin can be more fluid than is the case in English. The question marker (？) is not used in traditional or formal Japanese, but it may exist used in informal writing, or in transcriptions of dialogue where it might not otherwise be articulate that a argument was intoned every bit a question. The assertion marker (！) is restricted to informal writing. Colons and semicolons are available simply are not common in ordinary text. Quotation marks are written as 「 ... 」, and nested quotation marks as 『 ... 』. Several bracket styles and dashes are available.
History of the Japanese script [edit]
Importation of kanji [edit]
Nippon's first encounters with Chinese characters may have come as early as the 1st century Advert with the King of Na gilded seal, said to have been given by Emperor Guangwu of Han in AD 57 to a Japanese emissary.[viii] However, it is unlikely that the Japanese became literate in Chinese writing whatsoever earlier than the 4th century AD.[8]
Initially Chinese characters were non used for writing Japanese, equally literacy meant fluency in Classical Chinese, not the vernacular. Eventually a system called kanbun ( 漢文 ) developed, which, along with kanji and something very similar to Chinese grammar, employed diacritics to hint at the Japanese translation. The earliest written history of Japan, the Kojiki ( 古事記 ), compiled sometime earlier 712, was written in kanbun. Even today Japanese loftier schools and some junior loftier schools teach kanbun equally role of the curriculum.
The development of man'yōgana [edit]
No full-fledged script for written Japanese existed until the development of human being'yōgana ( 万葉仮名 ), which appropriated kanji for their phonetic value (derived from their Chinese readings) rather than their semantic value. Human'yōgana was initially used to record verse, as in the Human'yōshū ( 万葉集 ), compiled sometime before 759, whence the writing system derives its proper noun. Some scholars claim that man'yōgana originated from Baekje, just this hypothesis is denied by mainstream Japanese scholars.[ix] [10] The modern kana, namely hiragana and katakana, are simplifications and systemizations of human being'yōgana.
Due to the large number of words and concepts entering Japan from Cathay which had no native equivalent, many words entered Japanese straight, with a pronunciation like to the original Chinese. This Chinese-derived reading is known as on'yomi ( 音読み ), and this vocabulary equally a whole is referred to as Sino-Japanese in English and kango ( 漢語 ) in Japanese. At the same time, native Japanese already had words corresponding to many borrowed kanji. Authors increasingly used kanji to represent these words. This Japanese-derived reading is known as kun'yomi ( 訓読み ). A kanji may have none, 1, or several on'yomi and kun'yomi. Okurigana are written after the initial kanji for verbs and adjectives to give inflection and to help disambiguate a particular kanji's reading. The same character may be read several different ways depending on the word. For example, the grapheme 行 is read i every bit the first syllable of iku ( 行く , "to get"), okona as the kickoff 3 syllables of okonau ( 行う , "to carry out"), gyō in the chemical compound word gyōretsu ( 行列 , "line" or "procession"), kō in the discussion ginkō ( 銀行 , "banking company"), and an in the give-and-take andon ( 行灯 , "lantern").
Some linguists take compared the Japanese borrowing of Chinese-derived vocabulary as alike to the influx of Romance vocabulary into English during the Norman conquest of England. Similar English, Japanese has many synonyms of differing origin, with words from both Chinese and native Japanese. Sino-Japanese is often considered more than formal or literary, just equally latinate words in English oft mark a higher register.
Script reforms [edit]
Meiji menstruum [edit]
The meaning reforms of the 19th century Meiji era did not initially impact the Japanese writing arrangement. Notwithstanding, the language itself was changing due to the increase in literacy resulting from education reforms, the massive influx of words (both borrowed from other languages or newly coined), and the ultimate success of movements such as the influential genbun itchi ( 言文一致 ) which resulted in Japanese existence written in the colloquial form of the linguistic communication instead of the wide range of historical and classical styles used previously. The difficulty of written Japanese was a topic of debate, with several proposals in the late 19th century that the number of kanji in use be limited. In addition, exposure to non-Japanese texts led to unsuccessful proposals that Japanese be written entirely in kana or rōmaji. This menstruum saw Western-style punctuation marks introduced into Japanese writing.[11]
In 1900, the Didactics Ministry introduced iii reforms aimed at improving the educational activity in Japanese writing:
- standardization of hiragana, eliminating the range of hentaigana and so in apply;
- restriction of the number of kanji taught in elementary schools to nigh 1,200;
- reform of the irregular kana representation of the Sino-Japanese readings of kanji to make them conform with the pronunciation.
The first two of these were generally accepted, but the third was hotly contested, particularly by conservatives, to the extent that information technology was withdrawn in 1908.[12]
Pre–Globe War Ii [edit]
The fractional failure of the 1900 reforms combined with the rise of nationalism in Nihon effectively prevented further significant reform of the writing organisation. The period before World State of war II saw numerous proposals to restrict the number of kanji in use, and several newspapers voluntarily restricted their kanji usage and increased usage of furigana; nevertheless, there was no official endorsement of these, and indeed much opposition. Even so, one successful reform was the standardization of hiragana, which involved reducing the possibilities of writing downward Japanese morae down to simply one hiragana character per morae, which led to labeling all the other previously used hiragana as hentaigana and discarding them in daily use.[13]
Post–World War II [edit]
The period immediately following World War 2 saw a rapid and pregnant reform of the writing arrangement. This was in part due to influence of the Occupation regime, merely to a significant extent was due to the removal of traditionalists from control of the educational system, which meant that previously stalled revisions could continue. The major reforms were:
- gendai kanazukai ( 現代仮名遣い )—alignment of kana usage with modern pronunciation, replacing the onetime historical kana usage (1946);
- promulgation of various restricted sets of kanji:
- tōyō kanji ( 当用漢字 ) (1946), a collection of 1850 characters for apply in schools, textbooks, etc.;
- kanji to be used in schools (1949);
- an additional collection of jinmeiyō kanji ( 人名用漢字 ), which, supplementing the tōyō kanji, could be used in personal names (1951);
- simplifications of various complex kanji letter-forms shinjitai ( 新字体 ).
At i stage, an advisor in the Occupation assistants proposed a wholesale conversion to rōmaji; however, it was non endorsed by other specialists and did not proceed.[14]
In addition, the practice of writing horizontally in a right-to-left management was generally replaced by left-to-correct writing. The right-to-left order was considered a special example of vertical writing, with columns one character loftier, rather than horizontal writing per se; it was used for single lines of text on signs, etc. (e.g., the station sign at Tokyo reads 駅京東 ).
The post-war reforms take mostly survived, although some of the restrictions have been relaxed. The replacement of the tōyō kanji in 1981 with the 1,945 jōyō kanji ( 常用漢字 )—a modification of the tōyō kanji—was accompanied by a change from "restriction" to "recommendation", and in full general the educational government have become less agile in farther script reform.[xv]
In 2004, the jinmeiyō kanji ( 人名用漢字 ), maintained by the Ministry of Justice for utilize in personal names, was significantly enlarged. The jōyō kanji list was extended to 2,136 characters in 2010.
Romanization [edit]
There are a number of methods of rendering Japanese in Roman letters. The Hepburn method of romanization, designed for English speakers, is a de facto standard widely used inside and outside Japan. The Kunrei-shiki arrangement has a amend correspondence with kana, which makes it easier for native speakers to learn. It is officially endorsed by the Ministry of Teaching and often used past non-native speakers who are learning Japanese equally a 2nd linguistic communication.[ citation needed ] Other systems of romanization include Nihon-shiki, JSL, and Wāpuro rōmaji.
Lettering styles [edit]
- Shodō
- Edomoji
- Minchō
- East Asian sans-serif typeface
Variant writing systems [edit]
- Gyaru-moji
- Hentaigana
- Man'yōgana
Come across likewise [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Serge P. Shohov (2004). Advances in Psychology Research. Nova Publishers. p. 28. ISBN978-1-59033-958-9.
- ^ Kazuko Nakajima (2002). Learning Japanese in the Network Society. University of Calgary Press. p. xii. ISBN978-ane-55238-070-3.
- ^ "Japanese Kanji List". www.saiga-jp.com . Retrieved 2016-02-23 .
- ^ "How many Kanji characters are in that location?". japanese.stackexchange.com . Retrieved 2016-02-23 .
- ^ "How To Play (and cover!) Japanese Games". GBAtemp.cyberspace -> The Independent Video Game Community . Retrieved 2016-03-05 .
- ^ Joseph F. Kess; Tadao Miyamoto (i Jan 1999). The Japanese Mental Lexicon: Psycholinguistics Studies of Kana and Kanji Processing. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 107. ISBNninety-272-2189-8.
- ^ Chikamatsu, Nobuko; Yokoyama, Shoichi; Nozaki, Hironari; Long, Eric; Fukuda, Sachio (2000). "A Japanese logographic character frequency listing for cognitive science research". Behavior Inquiry Methods, Instruments, & Computers. 32 (3): 482–500. doi:10.3758/BF03200819. PMID 11029823. S2CID 21633023.
- ^ a b Miyake (2003:eight).
- ^ Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2002). 韓国人の日本偽史―日本人はビックリ! (in Japanese). Shogakukan. ISBN978-4-09-402716-seven.
- ^ Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2007). 韓vs日「偽史ワールド」 (in Japanese). Shogakukan. ISBN978-4-09-387703-9.
- ^ Twine, 1991
- ^ Seeley, 1990
- ^ Hashi (25 January 2012). "Hentaigana: How Japanese Went from Illegible to Legible in 100 Years". Tofugu . Retrieved 2016-03-11 .
- ^ Unger, 1996
- ^ Gottlieb, 1996
Sources [edit]
- Gottlieb, Nanette (1996). Kanji Politics: Linguistic communication Policy and Japanese Script. Kegan Paul. ISBN0-7103-0512-5.
- Habein, Yaeko Sato (1984). The History of the Japanese Written Linguistic communication. University of Tokyo Press. ISBN0-86008-347-0.
- Miyake, Marc Hideo (2003). Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN0-415-30575-6.
- Seeley, Christopher (1984). "The Japanese Script since 1900". Visible Language. 18. 3: 267–302.
- Seeley, Christopher (1991). A History of Writing in Japan. Academy of Hawai'i Press. ISBN0-8248-2217-X.
- Twine, Nanette (1991). Language and the Modern Land: The Reform of Written Japanese. Routledge. ISBN0-415-00990-1.
- Unger, J. Marshall (1996). Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Nihon: Reading Between the Lines. OUP. ISBN0-xix-510166-9.
External links [edit]
- The Mod Japanese Writing System: an excerpt from Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan, past J. Marshall Unger.
- The 20th Century Japanese Writing Organisation: Reform and Change by Christopher Seeley
- Japanese Hiragana Conversion API past NTT Resonant
- Japanese Morphological Analysis API by NTT Resonant
Ut Do You Know What €ëœtamagotchi㢂¬„¢ Is a Portmanteau of in Japanese?
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_writing_system
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